国内健康环球医讯家医百科科学探索医药资讯

碘化甲酸铋Bismuth salts formic iodide

更新时间:2025-05-27 22:52:26

一、药物基本属性

- 药品分类

- 来源与性状

- 管理级别

- 临床价值

二、核心功效与临床应用

三、使用禁忌与注意事项

(注:基于历史文献描述,该药已淘汰,以下信息仅具历史参考意义)
- 副作用 (历史记载)

  1. 局部刺激: 常见。可引起用药部位灼烧感、疼痛、发红、炎症。
  2. 皮肤染色: 碘导致的明显黄褐色染色,难以去除。
  3. 过敏反应: 对碘过敏者可能出现接触性皮炎,表现为瘙痒、皮疹、水疱,严重者甚至全身过敏反应。
  4. 黏膜损伤: 用于黏膜(如口腔)时,浓度过高或时间过长可导致化学性灼伤、黏膜刺激甚至溃疡加重。
  5. 毒性吸收(罕见,大剂量/大面积): 理论上存在碘吸收过多导致碘中毒(如甲状腺功能紊乱、口腔金属味、唾液腺肿痛、胃肠不适等)或铋吸收(罕见,但可能导致神经毒性、肾损伤)的风险,尤其在大面积破损皮肤长期使用的情况下。
  6. 异味。

- 禁忌与风险 (历史记载)

  1. 绝对禁忌:
    • 已知对碘或铋过敏者。
    • 甲状腺功能亢进症患者(因碘吸收可能加重病情)。
    • 孕妇及哺乳期妇女(安全性无可靠数据,且碘可透过胎盘/进入乳汁)。
    • 婴儿及幼儿(皮肤薄嫩,吸收风险高)。
  2. 相对禁忌/慎用:
    • 严重肝肾功能不全者(可能影响代谢排泄)。
    • 大面积皮肤破损、深度创面、严重烧伤(吸收风险显著增加)。
    • 眼部及敏感黏膜区域(除非有明确安全配方和指导,通常避免)。
  3. 风险:
    • 刺激性与组织损伤风险高: 相比现代消毒剂,其刺激性和潜在的组织损伤风险更高。
    • 稳定性差: 易分解失效,分解产物可能增加刺激性或毒性。
    • 染色: 严重影响美观。
    • 交叉过敏: 对碘过敏者可能对其他含碘造影剂、消毒剂也过敏。
    • 干扰诊断: 皮肤染色可能掩盖伤口情况;局部使用碘可能干扰某些甲状腺功能检测。
  4. 重要提示: 碘化甲酸铋在现代临床中已被淘汰,其使用存在上述显著的安全性和有效性缺陷。绝对不应在当代临床实践中使用。任何伤口处理或消毒需求,均应选用现代、安全、有效的消毒产品(如聚维酮碘、氯己定、酒精等),并遵循产品说明书和医嘱。

参考文献

  1. Martindale, W. H. (Various editions, early 20th century, e.g., 1920s-1940s). The Extra Pharmacopoeia. London: The Pharmaceutical Press. (Historical compendia documenting the existence, composition, and former uses of Bismuth Formic Iodide and similar compounds like Bismuth Oxyiodogallate. These sources describe its use as an antiseptic dusting powder/ointment.)
  2. The British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) (Historical editions, e.g., 1911, 1934). London: The Pharmaceutical Press. (Historical standard texts that included monographs for obsolete drugs like Bismuth Formic Iodide, detailing its preparation and past indications for external antiseptic use.)
  3. Journal Articles (Early 20th Century):
    • Example Search Focus: Look for articles in journals like The Lancet, British Medical Journal (BMJ), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and pharmaceutical journals from circa 1900-1950 using terms like “bismuth formic iodide”, “bismuth iodoformate”, “antiseptic powders”, “iodobismuthates”, “historical disinfectants”. (These would provide clinical reports and discussions on the historical use, efficacy compared to contemporaries like iodoform, and observed drawbacks/stability issues of such compounds.)
  4. Modern Pharmacology/Disinfection Texts (Context on Replacement):
    • Block, S. S. (Ed.). (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (Comprehensive text explaining why modern iodophors like povidone-iodine replaced older, less stable, more irritating iodine compounds like tinctures and historical complexes including Bismuth Formic Iodide, due to sustained release, reduced irritation, and better stability.)
    • McDonnell, G., & Russell, A. D. (1999). Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(1), 147–179. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.1.147 (Review article covering mechanisms and evolution of antiseptics, highlighting the advantages of modern agents over obsolete ones.)
  5. Official Compendia (Confirming Obsolete Status):
    • The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Current Edition) - No monograph.
    • United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) (Current Edition) - No monograph.
    • European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) (Current Edition) - No monograph.
    • Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Current Edition) - No monograph. (The absence from all major current pharmacopoeias definitively confirms its status as an obsolete drug with no current legitimate medicinal use.)

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