国内健康环球医讯家医百科科学探索医药资讯

氯福雷司Cloforex

更新时间:2025-10-09 15:50:52

一、药物基本属性

  1. 成瘾性/依赖性: 作为苯丙胺衍生物,氯福雷司具有明确的中枢神经系统兴奋作用,存在高度的滥用潜力和成瘾性风险。长期使用可导致生理和心理依赖。
  2. 滥用潜力: 其药理作用(中枢兴奋、欣快感)使其极易被滥用,作为兴奋剂使用。
  3. 严重副作用风险: 包括心血管风险(高血压、心动过速、心律失常,甚至心源性猝死)、精神系统风险(焦虑、失眠、精神病性症状)以及与其他苯丙胺类药物相关的长期健康损害。
  4. 国际管制: 由于其滥用潜力和危害性,氯福雷司及其类似物通常受到国际药物管制公约(如联合国《1971年精神药物公约》)的严格管制,被列入最严格的管制类别。许多国家从未批准其上市,或已撤销其上市许可并将其列为非法物质。
  5. 无合法医疗地位: 因其显著的风险-获益比为负值,氯福雷司已在全球范围内退市,不再具有合法的医疗用途。
  1. 严重安全问题: 该药因与芬氟拉明、右芬氟拉明等药物类似,存在导致严重心血管并发症(特别是肺动脉高压和心脏瓣膜病)以及中枢神经系统毒性和高滥用潜力的确切证据而被撤市。
  2. 风险远大于获益: 治疗肥胖症的潜在益处(短期体重减轻)完全无法抵消其带来的严重且可能致命的风险。
  3. 全球撤市: 氯福雷司从未在美国获得FDA批准上市。在曾批准上市的国家(如部分欧洲国家),也因安全原因早已被撤销上市许可。目前在全球范围内无任何国家批准其用于医疗用途。
  4. 被更安全(但仍需谨慎)或不同机制的药物替代: 肥胖症治疗药物已转向其他作用机制(如GLP-1受体激动剂)或风险相对可控(但仍需严格管理)的中枢作用药物(如芬特明/托吡酯复方,本身也是管制药),氯福雷司因其不可接受的安全性而被彻底淘汰。

二、核心功效与临床应用

三、使用禁忌与注意事项

参考文献

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Thirty-sixth report. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 991, 2015. (Lists cloforex as a substance under international control, Schedule IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances).
  2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The International Drug Control Conventions. 2013. (Provides the legal framework for scheduling substances like cloforex).
  3. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Controlled Substances Act - Schedules of Controlled Substances. 21 CFR §1308. (Cloforex analogues/substances are typically treated as Schedule I controlled substances due to abuse potential and lack of accepted medical use).
  4. Fishman, A. P. Aminorex to fen/phen: an epidemic foretold. Circulation. 1999; 99(1):156-161. (Historical review linking aminorex, fenfluramine derivatives, and other anorectics like cloforex to pulmonary hypertension and valvulopathy).
  5. Abenhaim, L., Moride, Y., Brenot, F., et al. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335(9):609-616. (Landmark study establishing the strong association between anorectic drugs, particularly fenfluramine derivatives, and pulmonary hypertension; implicated other structurally related drugs like aminorex and likely contributed to scrutiny/scheduling of cloforex).
  6. Connolly, H. M., Crary, J. L., McGoon, M. D., et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337(9):581-588. (Key study linking fenfluramine derivatives to cardiac valvulopathy; raised concerns about similar risks with other serotonergic anorectics).
  7. Brenot, F., Herve, P., Petitpretz, P., et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension and fenfluramine derivatives. Chest. 1993; 103(2 Suppl):77S-81S. (Early evidence linking anorectics to pulmonary hypertension).
  8. European Medicines Agency (EMA) / Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC). Assessment report for centrally authorised products containing fenfluramine. EMA/PRAC/285947/2013. 2013. (Provides regulatory history and safety assessment leading to withdrawal of fenfluramine derivatives; context for similar actions on other anorectics like cloforex).
  9. Martínez, M. A., Ballesteros, S. The never-ending story of the fenfluramines and 5-HT: scope and limitations of the method of science. Curr Drug Saf. 2006; 1(2):133-148. (Discusses the scientific and regulatory journey of fenfluramines and related anorectics, highlighting safety concerns).
  10. PubChem Database. Cloforex. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed [Date Accessed - e.g., Oct 26, 2023]. (Provides chemical structure, properties, and links to relevant bioactivity/toxicology data where available). [Note: PubChem is a reputable chemical database, used here for chemical identity confirmation only. Clinical conclusions drawn from primary literature and regulatory sources].
  11. Lexicomp Online®, UpToDate® (Wolters Kluwer). Drug Information. (Authoritative drug monographs would historically list cloforex under withdrawn agents or controlled substances, detailing its pharmacology and risks. Access dates required for specific citation). [Note: These are subscription-based professional resources].

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