Sweetman, S. C. (Ed.). (2009). Martindale: The complete drug reference (36th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. (Provides authoritative information on drug properties, historical uses, and classification).
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100A: Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Human Carcinogens. Lyon, France: IARC. (Discusses carcinogenicity of steroidal estrogens, the class to which epiestriol belongs).
The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). (2022). The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 29(7), 767–794. (Current authoritative guidelines on menopausal hormone therapy, detailing indications, contraindications, risks, benefits, and preferred agents for systemic and local treatment. Does not recommend epiestriol).
Stanczyk, F. Z., Archer, D. F., & Bhavnani, B. R. (2013). Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment. Contraception, 87(6), 706–727. (Provides context on estrogen pharmacology and risks, relevant to understanding the class effects).
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Database. (For confirming regulatory status - epiestriol-containing products are not approved in the US market).
European Medicines Agency (EMA) Database. (For confirming regulatory status in Europe - epiestriol products are not widely marketed or have been withdrawn).
Lobo, R. A., Pickar, J. H., Stevenson, J. C., Mack, W. J., & Hodis, H. N. (2016). Back to the future: Hormone replacement therapy as part of a prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause. Atherosclerosis, 254, 282–290. (Reviews the role of established estrogens, highlighting the lack of role for epiestriol).
Perez-Lopez, F. R., Phillips, N., Vieira-Baptista, P., Cohen-Sacher, B., Fialho, S. C. A. V., & Stockdale, C. K. (2021). Management of postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy: recommendations of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease. Gynecological Endocrinology, 37(sup1), 8–16. (Guidelines focusing on GSM management, recommending established local estrogens like estriol and estradiol, not epiestriol).