A[基础评估] --> B[详细病史采集]
A --> C[全面体格检查]
B --> B1[疼痛特征:部位、性质、持续时间、加重/缓解因素]
C --> C1[神经系统检查:感觉、反射、运动功能]
C --> C2[肌肉骨骼检查:压痛点、关节活动度]
A --> D[心理社会评估]
D --> D1[标准化问卷:HADS、疼痛灾难化量表 PCS]
E[排除性检查] --> F[实验室检查]
E --> G[影像学检查]
F --> F1[血常规、CRP、ESR]
F --> F2[代谢/内分泌检查:如甲状腺功能、维生素D]
G --> G1[X线:骨骼/关节结构]
G --> G2[MRI/CT:软组织、神经或脊髓异常]
G --> G3[超声:肌肉、肌腱或滑囊病变]
H[专科鉴别检查] --> I[神经生理学检查:如肌电图 EMG]
H --> J[风湿免疫检查:如抗核抗体 ANA]
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd Edition.
World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 05/2022).
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2021). Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in adults: Assessment and management (NICE Guideline NG193).
Dowell, D., et al. (2016). CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 65(1), 1–49.
Treede, R. D., et al. (2019). Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: The IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain, 160(1), 19–27.