Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (Various Editions).Pharmaceutical Press. (Comprehensive reference detailing the chemical properties, pharmacology, historical uses, and adverse effects profile of Fenpiprane, confirming its anticholinergic/spasmolytic nature and listing its contraindications/side effects).
Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Older Editions, e.g., 8th/9th).McGraw-Hill. (Textbooks providing the foundational pharmacological classification of Fenpiprane as an antimuscarinic/anticholinergic agent, explaining its mechanism of action on smooth muscle and associated side effects).
Index Nominum (International Drug Directory).Swiss Pharmaceutical Society. (Confirms the chemical structure, synonyms, and therapeutic category of Fenpiprane as a spasmolytic/anticholinergic agent).
National Library of Medicine (PubChem Compound Summary for Fenpiprane).Provides basic chemical and property information.
Review Articles on Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IBS) Treatment Evolution: Articles in journals like Gastroenterology, Gut, American Journal of Gastroenterology consistently show that older non-selective anticholinergics like Fenpiprane are not recommended in current guidelines due to side effect burden and lack of advantage over newer agents (e.g., Mearin F, et al. Gut 2016;65 Suppl 1:ii1-ii2; Ford AC, et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2018;113:1-18).
Pharmacovigilance Databases (e.g., WHO VigiBase): While specific reports on Fenpiprane are sparse due to its disuse, the well-documented class effects of anticholinergics support the listed contraindications and adverse reactions.