World Health Organization (WHO) - International Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Int.) or WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: 作为参考,确认其未列入核心药物目录。查询药物管制状态(如INCB相关报告)。
British National Formulary (BNF) / National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines: 提供基于证据的药物治疗建议,特别是苯二氮䓬类药物的使用原则(强调短期、替代治疗)。BNF收录了有限信息。
PubMed/Medline (检索策略示例):
Pinazepam AND (pharmacology OR pharmacokinetics)
Pinazepam AND (adverse effects OR side effects OR toxicity)
Pinazepam AND (dependence OR abuse liability OR withdrawal)
Benzodiazepines AND (anxiety disorders/therapy OR sleep initiation and maintenance disorders/drug therapy) AND (guidelines OR practice guideline)
Benzodiazepines AND drug interactions
Benzodiazepines AND respiratory depression
Benzodiazepines AND elderly AND (falls OR cognitive impairment)
Lader, M. (2011). Benzodiazepines revisited—will we ever learn? Addiction, 106(12), 2086–2109. (综述苯二氮䓬的依赖性和合理使用问题)
Licata, S. C., & Rowlett, J. K. (2008). Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABAA receptor modulation and beyond. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 90(1), 74–89. (讨论苯二氮䓬滥用依赖的机制)
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Benzodiazepines and Opioids. (强调合用风险)
Riss, J., Cloyd, J., Gates, J., & Collins, S. (2008). Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 118(2), 69–86. (虽侧重癫痫,但提供苯二氮䓬类共性药理和PK信息参考)
Specific older studies on Pinazepam (when available through PubMed): 例如:
Garattini, S., et al. (1977). Pinazepam: a new benzodiazepine with marked anti-aggressive effects in mice. *Psychopharmacology*, 54(2), 159–164. (早期动物研究)
Sacchetti, E., et al. (1981). Double-blind comparison of pinazepam and placebo in anxious outpatients. *Current Therapeutic Research*, 30(1), 77–83. (早期临床研究)