心血管系统医学术语The Cardiovascular System Medical Terminology

第八章 心血管系统 学习目标 完成本章学习后，您将能够：8.1 定义并拼写用于心血管系统术语的词根。8.3 通过心血管系统相关的词根构建医学术语。8.2 分解并定义与心血管系统相关的常见医学术语，包括症状、疾病、障碍、程序、治疗和设备。8.4 正确发音并拼写心血管系统相关的常见医学术语。心血管系统 193 解剖学和生理学术语 下表提供了常用于心血管系统解剖和生理的组合形式。请注意，这些组合形式标为红色，以便在稍后的章节中再次看到它们时帮助识别。组合形式 定义 组合形式 定义 血管 主动脉 动脉 心房 心脏 冠状 肌肉 胸部 小瓣 船舶 小船 静脉 小腹，心室 8.1 您体内大约50万亿个细胞中的每一个都需要持续供应氧气和营养物质，并不断清除废物。为了满足这些需求，血液通过一系列封闭管道（称为血管）在体内循环，主要由心脏推动。血管包括将血液从心脏输送出去的动脉、将血液输送到心脏的静脉以及连接动脉和静脉的毛细血管，其薄壁允许血液与组织液之间交换物质。因此，__________ 系统实现了血液的运动和运输，该系统由心脏和血管组成，正如术语“心血管”所暗示的那样。这个构造形式是 cardi/o/vascul/ar，其中 cardi/o 是表示“心脏”的组合形式，而 vascul 是表示“小血管”的词根。所有组织的__________ 持续流动对维持正常身体功能至关重要。如果氧气或营养物质供应不足或二氧化碳排出减少甚至中断几分钟，受影响的细胞就会死亡。因此，心血管系统的疾病可能对健康和生存构成生命威胁。8.2 心血管系统的功能可总结如下：心脏 推动血液流动 血管 将血液输送到全身各处组织 交换 血液与身体组织之间的物质交换 194 第八章 8.3 通过研究图 8.1 和图 8.2 来复习心血管系统的解剖结构。空气（氧气） 气管 右肺 左肺 右肺动脉 左肺动脉 肺毛细血管 肺毛细血管 左肺静脉 右肺静脉 心脏（血液） 静脉 动脉 小动脉 小静脉 体毛细血管 = 含氧量低且二氧化碳含量高的血液（脱氧血）= 含氧量高且二氧化碳含量低的血液（含氧血）图 8.1 心血管系统。血液封闭循环的示意图。心脏被切开，毛细血管被放大以便于观察。黑色箭头表示血液流动方向。心血管系统 195 上腔静脉 主动脉 肺动脉干 左心房 主动脉瓣 右心房 肺动脉瓣 二尖瓣 左心室 三尖瓣 右心室 心内膜 心肌 心外膜 下腔静脉 图 8.2 心脏内部解剖结构。心脏被切开以显示其内部特征。心血管系统医学术语 8.4 许多心血管系统疾病对整体健康有深远影响。心血管疾病的结果通常是减少或阻断流向身体一个或多个部位的血流，从而导致细胞死亡。如果__________ 流量减少影响大面积区域或关键器官如大脑、肾脏或心脏本身，由此产生的细胞死亡可能会迅速危及生命。8.5 医学的一个分支学科称为心脏病学 (kar dee AHL oh jee)，提供心脏病的临床治疗。心脏病学是一个构造术语_____//，其中组合形式 cardi/o 表示“心脏”，后缀 -logy 表示“研究或科学”。专门从事该领域的医生被称为心脏病专家。通常，__________ 还治疗与血管相关的疾病，因为血管与心脏之间存在密切的功能关系。196 第八章 8.6 在以下部分中，我们回顾了前缀、组合形式和后缀，它们结合起来构成了心血管系统的医学术语。心血管系统症状和体征 以下是适用于心血管系统症状和体征的部分词根。请注意，这些词根按颜色编码，以便于识别：前缀为黄色，组合形式为红色，后缀为蓝色。前缀 定义 组合形式 定义 后缀 定义 a- 无，缺乏 缓慢 坏的，异常的，疼痛的，困难的 快速，快 血管 心脏 蓝色 胸部 节律 狭窄 单数状态 疼痛状态 疼痛状态 形容词 生产，形成 状态 状态 麻痹状态 突发不自主肌肉收缩 bradydystachy- 关键术语 A-Z 心绞痛 an JYE nah * PEK tor iss -ia -osis -plegia -sis -spasm 8.7 心脏供氧不足的主要症状是胸痛，称为__________ 。这个拉丁术语字面意思是“胸部窒息”。胸痛程度因患者而异，从非常轻微的压力感到压倒性的疼痛，并可能放射到肩膀、左上臂和背部。8.8 “血管”的常见组合形式是 angi/o。angiospasm AN jee oh spazm 血管疾病包括血管壁平滑肌的异常肌肉收缩或痉挛。此症状称为。该术语的构造形式是 angi/o/spasm。心血管系统 197 8.9 血管狭窄是心血管疾病的标志，angiostenosis AN jee oh sten OH siss 导致流向身体接收端狭窄血管部位的血流量减少。这种症状称为血管狭窄。该术语的构造形式是 angi/o/sten/osis，包含一个组合形式：angi/o，意思是“血管”，和词根sten，意思是“狭窄”。因此，__________ 的字面意思是“狭窄血管的状态”。8.10 前缀a-的意思是“没有，缺乏”，前缀dys-的意思是 arrhythmia ah RITH mee ah “坏的，异常的，疼痛的，困难的”。在某些情况下，它们可以互换使用。例如，心脏正常节律的丧失称为__________，意思是“没有节律的状态”，写作a/rrhythm/ia。心律失常的另一个术语是dysrhythmia。该术语的构造形式写作dys/rhythm/ia。心律失常和心律不齐 注意事项 这两个与心律不齐相关的医学术语在意义上非常相似，但有重要区别。正如你所学，前缀a-的意思是“没有，缺乏”，前缀dys-的意思是“坏的，异常的，疼痛的，困难的”。现在更仔细地看看词根。它们并不相同。术语心律失常（“没有节律的状态”）有一个额外的r。要记住哪个术语有两个r，可能有助于思考表达“没有韵律或理由”。心律失常是一种心跳“没有韵律或理由”，而心律不齐是一种心跳有异常节奏的情况。心律失常比心律不齐更常用。8.11 心脏的常见词根是cardi。你会发现它在本章的许多术语中使用。在术语心动过缓中，表示“缓慢”的前缀用于形成“缓慢心脏”的含义。__________ 是一种异常缓慢的心率，通常静息时每分钟低于60次。正常静息心率范围为每分钟60至90次。8.12 胸痛最常见的术语是，简单来说，胸痛，缩写为CP。也可能使用另一种术语来描述该症状。该术语cardiodinia kar dee oh DIN ee ah 使用后缀-dynia，意思是“疼痛状态”。__________ 的构造形式是cardi/o/dynia。198 第八章 8.13 后缀-genic 的意思是“产生，形成”。当与心脏的词根结合时，形成了术语__________。该术语的构造形式写作cardi/o/genic。它指源于心脏状况的症状或体征。例如，心绞痛（第8.7帧）的疼痛感是一种心脏源性症状，因为它是由流向心脏的血液不足引起的。8.14 皮肤和粘膜出现蓝色色调的症状称为 cyanosis sigh ah NOH siss 和 mucous membranes is called cyanosis, which literally means “condition of blue.” The constructed form is cyan/osis. ____________________ is caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues and is a common sign of respiratory failure often caused by cardiovascular disease. 8.15 A symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat palpitation pal pih TAY shun is called ____________________. The term is derived from the Latin word palpitatus, which means “a throbbing.” 8.16 The opposite of the prefix brady- is the prefix tachy-, tachycardia tack ee KAR dee ah which means “rapid, fast.” A rapid heart rate is called __________________. It may be a symptom of heart disease if the heart exceeds 100 beats per minute at rest. 8.17 A temporary loss of consciousness and posture is known as syncope SIN koh pee syncope. Commonly known as “fainting,” it is often the result of a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. Frequent episodes may be symptoms of a cardiovascular disease. For example, heart disease may cause fainting spells, referred to as cardiogenic . The term syncope is derived from the Greek word synkope, which means “to cut short.” The Cardiovascular System PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you. (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) angiostenosis angi/o/sten/osis cf r s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of 2. a) bradycardia // p r s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? 3. a) cardiodynia // cf s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? 4. a) cardiogenic // cf s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? 5. a) cyanosis / r s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? 6. a) angiospasm // cf s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. cyanosis a. sign or symptom that originates from a condition of the heart ______ 2. angina pectoris b. pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat ______ 3. syncope c. opposite of bradycardia; fast heartbeat ______ 4. cardiogenic d. pain associated with the heart ______ 5. cardiodynia e. chest pain or pressure ______ 6. arrhythmia f. blue tinge in the skin and mucous membranes ______ 7. tachycardia g. fainting ______ 8. palpitation h. term that literally means “condition of without rhythm” 199 200 Chapter 8 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue. Prefix Definition Combining Form Definition Suffix Definition endo- within epiupon, over, above, on top hyper- excessive, abnormally high, above hypo- deficient, abnormally low, below peri- around poly- excessive, over, many angi/o aort/o arter/o, arteri/o ather/o cardi/o coron/o hem/o isch/o my/o phleb/o scler/o sept/o sten/o tampon/o tens/o thromb/o valvul/o varic/o -ac -ade -al -ar -emia -ic -ion -itis -megaly -oma -osis -pathy pertaining to process pertaining to pertaining to condition of blood pertaining to process inflammation abnormally large tumor condition of disease blood vessel aorta artery fatty plaque heart crown or circle, heart blood hold back muscle vein hard putrefying; wall, partition narrow plug pressure clot little valve dilated vein KEY TERMS A–Z 8.18 An abnormal bulging of an arterial wall is called an aneurysm AN yoo rism aneurysm and is shown in ■■Figure 8.3. The term is derived from the Greek word aneurysma, which means “a widening.” An ____________________ is usually caused by a congenital defect or an acquired weakness of the arterial wall, which worsens in time as blood is pushed against it. The bursting of a large aneurysm is usually life-threatening, resulting in massive hemorrhage. ■Figure 8.3 Aneurysm. Photograph of the aorta, the large blood vessel arising from the heart, with a large bulge, or aneurysm, in its wall (just to the left of the tubing). An aneurysm is caused by a weakened blood vessel wall that is in danger of bursting, which often results in a lifethreatening hemorrhage. Source: Kalewa/Shutterstock. Aneurysm Aorta The Cardiovascular System 201 8.19 Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels is a disease angiocarditis AN jee oh kar DYE tiss called angiocarditis. It is usually caused by a widespread bacterial infection of the blood, or septicemia (Frame 8.55). The four word parts of ____________________ are shown when it is written angi/o/ card/itis. 8.20 A term describing a tumor arising from a blood vessel angioma an jee OH mah combines the word root for blood vessel, angi, with the suffix for tumor, -oma, to form ____________________. This constructed term is written angi/oma. Also known as hemangioma (heh MAN jee OH mah), it is a benign clump of endothelium forming a mass. In some cases the mass can obstruct the flow of blood through the vessel. The term hemangioma carries a second meaning of a red or purple birthmark on the skin that does not obstruct blood flow. 8.21 The aortic valve is the semilunar valve located at the base of aortic insufficiency ay OR tik * in suf FISH un see the aorta, which normally prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle. If it fails to close completely during ventricular diastole, blood may return to the left ventricle, causing the left ventricle to work harder. This condition is called aortic insufficiency. The long-term result of ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated AI, is a chronic condition of the heart known as congestive heart failure, which is described in Frame 8.36. An alternate term for AI is aortic regurgitation. 8.22 The word root sten means “narrow.” An aortic stenosis is a aortic stenosis ay OR tik * sten OH siss aortitis ay or TYE tiss narrowing of the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta. An ____________________ ____________________ causes the left ventricle to work harder than normal. It is usually a more serious condition than aortic insufficiency, although the long-term effect is similar, leading to congestive heart failure (Frame 8.36). It is a constructed term, written aort/ic sten/osis. 8.23 Inflammation of the aorta is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is aort/itis. Often caused by a bacterial infection, it can lead to acute aortic insufficiency (Frame 8.21). 8.24 A general term for a disease of an artery is arteriopathy ahr tee ree AH path ee ____________________. This constructed term uses the suffix -pathy (meaning “disease”) and is written arteri/o/pathy. 202 Chapter 8 8.25 One common form of arteriopathy occurs when an artery wall arteriosclerosis ahr TEE ree oh skleh ROH siss becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced flow of blood to the tissues. The risk of developing this disease, known as arteriosclerosis, increases with advanced age. The constructed form of ____________________ is arteri/o/scler/osis, which literally means “condition of hard artery.” If coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by this disease, the condition is called arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). 8.26 A term describing a specific form of arteriosclerosis (Frame 8.25), atherosclerosis ATH er oh skleh ROH siss in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries, uses the combining form that means “fatty plaque,” ather/o, to form the term ____________________. The plaques thicken with time, which reduces the flow of blood through the affected vessel (■Figure 8.4). The constructed form of this term is ather/o/scler/osis, which literally means –

【全文结束】

(全文结束)